Epidemiology

Before examining individual disease groups, here are some ways of assessing the burden of disease. The burden of disease differs massively globally, and there has been a large amount of work to describe the burden. The Global Burden of Disease web site offers a comprehensive view, but you should also explore the World Bank Health site which includes many interesting indicators, and the World Health Organisation Countries site.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) site The top 10 causes of death shows some interesting information. You can see how the patterns of mortality have changed over time and also between the low- and high-income country groups.

A very good way to get into this topic is through some of these links which describe global burden of diseases: 

Gapminder - provides a fact-based world view, and shows the World's most important trends. We suggest you explore some of the short videos you can find - start with this one to see the patterns of global health over time - in 4 minutes!


To illustrate this further, you can use Gapminder to visualize the impact of child mortality and how it has changed over time.

Show World is an interactive map: "SELECT a subject from the top menu and watch the countries on the map change their size. Instead of land mass, the size of each country will represent the data for that subject --both its share of the total and absolute value."

Prevention and control

While epidemiology can measure the size and causes of the problem, interventions are required to reduce the extent and implications of the burden. 

We need to think of both communicable and non-communicable (or chronic) diseases. Here is a website from WHO Preventing noncommunicable diseases. It says: "Reducing the major risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) – tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and the harmful use of alcohol – is the focus of WHO’s work to prevent deaths from NCDs. NCDs – primarily heart and lung diseases, cancers and diabetes – are the world’s largest killers, with an estimated 38 million deaths annually. Of these deaths, 16 million are premature (under 70 years of age). If we reduce the global impact of risk factors, we can go a long way to reducing the number of deaths worldwide. Prevention of NCDs is a growing issue: the burden of NCDs falls mainly on developing countries, where 82% of premature deaths from these diseases occur. Tackling the risk factors will therefore not only save lives; it will also provide a huge boost for the economic development of countries."

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has a section on Global Health, which although US based makes the point that communicable diseases are a global issue: "Disease knows no borders. In today’s interconnected world, diseases can spread from an isolated, rural village to any major city in as little as 36 hours. The U.S. cannot protect its borders and the health of its citizens without addressing diseases elsewhere in the world. CDC works 24/7 to protect Americans and save lives around the world by detecting and controlling outbreaks at their source. In addition, CDC helps other countries increase their ability to prevent, detect, and respond to health threats on their own."

Health Trends in your region of interest


"The lottery of birth is responsible for much of who we are. If you were not born in the country you were, what would your life be like? Would you be the same person?  IfItWereMyHome.com is your gateway to understanding life outside your home. Use the country comparison tool to compare living conditions in your own country to those of another. Start by selecting a region to compare on the map to the right, and begin your exploration."

Now lets find out about health in the country where you live, work or volunteer. 
  • Look at the Global Burden of Disease web site which has a set of data visualisations on disability and death globally, from the Institute for Health Metrics.  Play around with these tools to help you answer these questions:
a.    What are the common causes of disease in your country of interest? Look at the GBD Cause patterns to see how different age groups are affected by disease in your country. 
b.    This treemap is a good way of comparing different causes of death for different age groups.
 

We will look at five major categories of disease as we progress through the rest of the course: Communicable disease, Non-communicable disease, Neglected tropical diseases, Injuries, Mental illness - you will see these in subsequent sections of this course. We have chosen these as key issues facing low- to middle-income countries, although there are many more health problems facing these countries.

آخر تعديل: الخميس، 13 أبريل 2023، 8:45 AM