⚡ Schön’s Model — Reflection-in-action & Reflection-on-action

Reflection happens both during and after action.

Reflection-in-action means noticing what is happening and making small adjustments in the moment; reflection-on-action means looking back afterwards to understand why things went that way and how to improve.

Use when: you must adapt in real time and then debrief.

Source: Schön, D. A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner. New York: Basic Books; and (1987) Educating the Reflective Practitioner.

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